Transient chromatic adaptation produced by an abrupt change of background color permits an easier and closer approach to cone isolation than does steady-state adaptation. Using this technique, we measured middle-wave-sensitive (M-) cone spectral sensitivities in 11 normals and 2 protanopes and long-wavelength-sensitive (L-) cone spectral sensitivities in 12 normals and 4 deuteranopes. Although there is great individual variation in the adapting intensity required for effective isolation, there is little variation in the shape of the M- and L-cone spectral-sensitivity functions across subjects. At middle and long wavelengths, our mean spectral sensitivities agree extremely well with dichromatic spectral sensitivities and with the M- and L-cone fundamentals of Smith and Pokorny [
Vision Res. 15,
161 (
1975)] and of Vos and Walraven [
Vision Res. 11,
799 (
1971)], both of which are based on the CIE (Judd-revised) 2° color-matching functions (CMF’s). But the agreement with the M-cone fundamentals of Estévez [
Ph.D. dissertation,
Amsterdam University (
1979)] and of Vos et al. [
Vision Res. 30,
936 (
1990)], which are based on the Stiles–Burch 2° CMF’s, is poor. Using our spectral-sensitivity data, tritanopic color-matching data, and Stiles’s π3, we derive new sets of cone fundamentals. The consistency of the proposed fundamentals based on either the Stiles–Burch 2° CMF’s or the CIE 10° large-field CMF’s with each other, with protanopic and deuteranopic spectral sensitivities, with tritanopic color-matching data, and with short-wavelength-sensitive (S-) cone spectral-sensitivity data suggests that they are to be perferred over fundamentals based on the CIE 2° CMF’s.
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The coefficients aM through cL refer to
, where
, and
are the Judd39 and Vos40 modified CIE 2° CMF’s and Mλ and Lλ are the cone sensitivities.
Root-mean-square fitting errors in log10 sensitivity.
Table 3
Linear Combinations of the Stiles–Burch1955, and
2° CMF’s Best Fitting Our Dataa
The coefficients aM through cL refer to
, where
, and
are the Stiles–Burch 2° CMF’s.
Root-mean-square fitting errors in log10 sensitivity.
Table 4
Linear Combinations of the CIEJudd, and
2° CMF’s That Best Fit the Proposed Stiles–Burch1955-Based Estimates of the M- and L-Cone Sensitivities (Appendix A)a
The coefficients aM through cL refer to
, where
, and
are the Judd39 and Vos40 modified CIE 2° CMF’s and Mλ and Lλ are the linear combinations yielding the best fits to the Stiles–Burch1955-based cone fundamentals proposed in Appendix A.
Reduction of 0.115 in peak macular density and 0.017 in lens density at 400 nm applied to the CIEJudd 2° CMF’s.
Root-mean-square fitting errors in log10 sensitivity.
Table 5
Linear Combinations of the CIE1931, and
2° CMF’s That Best Fit the Proposed Stiles–Burch1955 2°-Based Estimates of the M- and L-Cone Sensitivities (Appendix A)a
The coefficients aM through cL refer to
, where
, and
are the CIE1931 2° CMF’s and Mλ and Lλ are the linear combinations yielding the best fits to the Stiles–Burch1955-based cone fundamentals proposed in Appendix A.
Reduction of 0.020 in peak macular density and 0.57 in lens density at 400 nm applied to the CIE1931 2° CMF’s.
Root-mean-square fitting errors in log10 sensitivity.
Table 6
Linear Combinations of the CIE1964, and
10° CMF’s That Best Fit the Proposed Stiles–Burch1955 2°-Based Estimates of the M- and L-Cone Sensitivities (Appendix A)a
The coefficients aM through cL refer to
, where
, and
are the 10° CMF’s and Mλ and Lλ are the linear combinations yielding best fits to the Stiles–Burch1955-based cone fundamentals proposed in Appendix A.
Increase of 0.195 peak macular density and reduction of 0.168 lens density at 400 nm applied to the CIE1964 CMF’s.
Best-fitting photopigment density adjustment from an assumed photopigment density of 0.40 in the 2° observer to 0.30 in the 10° observer and best-fitting macular and lens density adjustments (an increase of 0.210 peak macular density and a reduction of 0.185 lens density at 400 nm applied to the CIE1964 10° CMF’s).
Sensitivities best fitting column (C) with the constraint that their weighted sum be
(see text for details).
Root-mean-square fitting errors in log10 sensitivity.
Table 7
Proposed Lens Pigment Densities for a Standard Observer with a Completely Open Pupila
Wavelength (nm)
Density
390
2.069
395
1.711
400
1.397
405
1.127
410
0.905
415
0.724
420
0.582
425
0.480
430
0.403
435
0.338
440
0.289
445
0.250
450
0.224
455
0.207
460
0.194
For a small pupil, multiply the densities by 1.16; for densities at λ > 460 nm, use Table II(2.4.6) of Ref. 48. The tabulated densities are based on Adjustment B to the van Norren–Vos lens pigment template shape.44
Table 8
Proposed 2° Cone Fundamentals Based on the Stiles–Burch1955 2° CMF’s or on the CIE1964 10° CMF’s
Wavelength (nm)
Stiles–Burch 2° L-Cone Fundamental
Stiles–Burch 2° M-Cone Fundamental
Stiles–Burch 2° S-Cone Fundamental
CIE1964 10°-Based 2° L-Cone Fundamental
CIE1964 10°-Based 2° M-Cone Fundamental
CIEI964 10°-Based 2° S-Cone Fundamental
390
−3.2197
−3.2606
−1.9156
−3.5037
−3.5967
−2.1038
395
−2.7931
−2.8206
−1.5073
−3.0445
−3.1245
−1.6412
400
−2.4874
−2.5269
−1.2053
−2.6515
−2.7147
−1.2413
405
−2.1744
−2.1953
−0.8810
−2.3204
−2.3631
−0.8994
410
−1.9401
−1.9428
−0.6433
−2.0576
−2.0726
−0.6216
415
−1.7991
−1.7768
−0.4452
−1.8795
−1.8560
−0.4200
420
−1.6526
−1.5888
−0.2809
−1.7576
−1.6883
−0.2777
425
−1.5789
−1.4695
−0.1640
−1.6575
−1.5418
−0.1740
430
−1.5159
−1.3623
−0.0992
−1.5695
−1.4113
−0.0953
435
−1.4531
−1.2650
−0.0485
−1.4872
−1.2951
−0.0370
440
−1.3853
−1.1708
−0.0160
−1.4161
−1.1968
−0.0058
445
−1.3411
−1.1084
−0.0008
−1.3620
−1.1209
−0.0017
450
−1.3014
−1.0537
−0.0367
−1.3116
−1.0561
−0.0222
455
−1.2452
−0.9877
−0.0832
−1.2585
−0.9962
−0.0535
460
−1.1669
−0.9035
−0.1042
−1.1860
−0.9220
−0.0902
465
−1.0791
−0.8188
−0.1745
−1.1045
−0.8404
−0.1272
470
−0.9857
−0.7332
−0.2122
−1.0138
−0.7533
−0.1863
475
−0.9029
−0.6599
−0.3084
−0.9238
−0.6733
−0.2767
480
−0.8362
−0.6047
−0.4366
−0.8613
−0.6239
−0.4042
485
−0.7770
−0.5562
−0.5671
−0.7910
−0.5674
−0.5402
490
−0.6994
−0.4916
−0.6959
−0.7267
−0.5170
−0.6791
495
−0.6048
−0.4137
−0.8125
−0.6342
−0.4405
−0.8046
500
−0.5087
−0.3345
−0.9371
−0.5277
−0.3488
−0.9243
505
−0.4114
−0.2515
−1.0627
−0.4272
−0.2633
−1.0485
510
−0.3262
−0.1819
−1.2088
−0.3380
−0.1892
−1.2068
515
−0.2504
−0.1205
−1.3755
−0.2622
−0.1284
−1.3635
520
−0.1852
−0.0684
−1.5477
−0.1976
−0.0793
−1.5313
525
−0.1354
−0.0336
−1.7360
−0.1484
−0.0459
−1.7112
530
−0.0974
−0.0112
−1.9224
−0.1101
−0.0239
−1.8918
535
−0.0722
−0.0015
−2.1058
−0.0773
−0.0069
−2.0710
540
−0.0560
−0.0011
−2.2859
−0.0542
−0.0002
−2.2510
545
−0.0385
−0.0001
−2.4626
−0.0382
−0.0022
−2.4277
550
−0.0233
−0.0034
−2.6361
−0.0261
−0.0099
−2.6012
555
−0.0152
−0.0174
−2.8065
−0.0142
−0.0205
−2.7716
560
−0.0143
−0.0414
−2.9738
−0.0054
−0.0369
−2.9389
565
−0.0101
−0.0652
−3.1382
−0.0008
−0.0617
−3.1033
570
−0.0013
−0.0872
−3.2997
−0.0005
−0.0952
−3.2648
575
−0.0023
−0.1262
−3.4584
−0.0057
−0.1389
−3.4235
580
−0.0108
−0.1792
−3.6143
−0.0140
−0.1906
−3.5794
585
−0.0189
−0.2321
−3.7676
−0.0219
−0.2469
−3.7327
590
−0.0307
−0.2933
−3.9183
−0.0337
−0.3120
−3.8834
595
−0.0495
−0.3708
−4.0665
−0.0525
−0.3882
−4.0316
600
−0.0744
−0.4582
−4.2122
−0.0777
−0.4748
−4.1773
605
−0.1055
−0.5529
−4.3554
−0.1092
−0.5711
−4.3205
610
−0.1443
−0.6598
−4.4964
−0.1478
−0.6771
−4.4615
615
−0.1914
−0.7792
−4.6350
−0.1946
−0.7924
−4.6001
620
−0.2472
−0.9050
−4.7714
−0.2491
−0.9139
−4.7365
625
−0.3123
−1.0370
−4.9056
−0.3101
−1.0334
−4.8707
630
−0.3877
−1.1789
−5.0377
−0.3815
−1.1594
−5.0028
635
−0.4723
−1.3295
−5.1677
−0.4688
−1.3073
−5.1328
640
−0.5641
−1.4825
−5.2957
−0.5663
−1.4670
−5.2608
645
−0.6645
−1.6355
−5.4217
−0.6690
−1.6345
−5.3868
650
−0.7761
−1.7917
−5.5458
−0.7795
−1.8047
−5.5109
655
−0.8990
−1.9512
−5.6679
−0.8992
−1.9615
−5.6330
660
−1.0304
−2.1141
−5.7882
−1.0267
−2.1137
−5.7533
665
−1.1681
−2.2785
−5.9067
−1.1609
−2.2722
−5.8718
670
−1.3099
−2.4412
−6.0235
−1.3016
−2.4327
−5.9886
675
−1.4536
−2.5996
−6.1385
−1.4490
−2.5949
−6.1036
680
−1.5994
−2.7550
−6.2518
−1.6010
−2.7574
−6.2169
685
−1.7486
−2.9125
−6.3635
−1.7556
−2.9185
−6.3285
690
−1.9024
−3.0719
−6.4735
−1.9126
−3.0793
−6.4386
695
−2.0647
−3.2353
−6.5819
−2.0712
−3.2415
−6.5470
700
−2.2334
−3.4003
−6.6889
−2.2312
−3.4031
−6.6539
705
−2.4006
−3.5629
−6.7942
−2.3925
−3.5636
−6.7593
710
−2.5580
−3.7191
−6.8982
−2.5540
−3.7226
−6.8632
715
−2.7084
−3.8690
−7.0006
−2.7145
−3.8796
−6.9657
720
−2.8674
−4.0206
−7.1016
−2.8744
−4.0350
−7.0667
725
−3.0243
−4.1705
−7.2013
−3.0338
−4.1890
−7.1664
730
−3.1791
−4.3186
−7.2995
−3.1922
−4.3414
−7.2646
Tables (8)
Table 1
Means and Standard Deviations of the M- and L-Cone Spectral Sensitivities Obtained with the Exchange Procedure
M-Cone (n = 13)
L-Cone (n = 16)
Wavelength (nm)
Log Sensitivity
Standard Deviation
Log Sensitivity
Standard Deviation
442
−0.985
0.175
−1.262
0.177
470
−0.641
0.155
−0.963
0.178
500
−0.262
0.101
−0.519
0.113
516
−0.098
0.067
−0.169
0.072
545
0.000
0.019
−0.003
0.042
576
−0.128
0.070
0.000
0.036
600
−0.552
0.046
−0.095
0.044
617
−0.938
0.042
−0.255
0.051
638
−1.498
0.036
−0.587
0.040
668
−2.463
0.035
−1.330
0.053
Table 2
Linear Combinations of the CIEJudd, and
2° CMF’s Best Fitting Our Dataa
The coefficients aM through cL refer to
, where
, and
are the Judd39 and Vos40 modified CIE 2° CMF’s and Mλ and Lλ are the cone sensitivities.
Root-mean-square fitting errors in log10 sensitivity.
Table 3
Linear Combinations of the Stiles–Burch1955, and
2° CMF’s Best Fitting Our Dataa
The coefficients aM through cL refer to
, where
, and
are the Stiles–Burch 2° CMF’s.
Root-mean-square fitting errors in log10 sensitivity.
Table 4
Linear Combinations of the CIEJudd, and
2° CMF’s That Best Fit the Proposed Stiles–Burch1955-Based Estimates of the M- and L-Cone Sensitivities (Appendix A)a
The coefficients aM through cL refer to
, where
, and
are the Judd39 and Vos40 modified CIE 2° CMF’s and Mλ and Lλ are the linear combinations yielding the best fits to the Stiles–Burch1955-based cone fundamentals proposed in Appendix A.
Reduction of 0.115 in peak macular density and 0.017 in lens density at 400 nm applied to the CIEJudd 2° CMF’s.
Root-mean-square fitting errors in log10 sensitivity.
Table 5
Linear Combinations of the CIE1931, and
2° CMF’s That Best Fit the Proposed Stiles–Burch1955 2°-Based Estimates of the M- and L-Cone Sensitivities (Appendix A)a
The coefficients aM through cL refer to
, where
, and
are the CIE1931 2° CMF’s and Mλ and Lλ are the linear combinations yielding the best fits to the Stiles–Burch1955-based cone fundamentals proposed in Appendix A.
Reduction of 0.020 in peak macular density and 0.57 in lens density at 400 nm applied to the CIE1931 2° CMF’s.
Root-mean-square fitting errors in log10 sensitivity.
Table 6
Linear Combinations of the CIE1964, and
10° CMF’s That Best Fit the Proposed Stiles–Burch1955 2°-Based Estimates of the M- and L-Cone Sensitivities (Appendix A)a
The coefficients aM through cL refer to
, where
, and
are the 10° CMF’s and Mλ and Lλ are the linear combinations yielding best fits to the Stiles–Burch1955-based cone fundamentals proposed in Appendix A.
Increase of 0.195 peak macular density and reduction of 0.168 lens density at 400 nm applied to the CIE1964 CMF’s.
Best-fitting photopigment density adjustment from an assumed photopigment density of 0.40 in the 2° observer to 0.30 in the 10° observer and best-fitting macular and lens density adjustments (an increase of 0.210 peak macular density and a reduction of 0.185 lens density at 400 nm applied to the CIE1964 10° CMF’s).
Sensitivities best fitting column (C) with the constraint that their weighted sum be
(see text for details).
Root-mean-square fitting errors in log10 sensitivity.
Table 7
Proposed Lens Pigment Densities for a Standard Observer with a Completely Open Pupila
Wavelength (nm)
Density
390
2.069
395
1.711
400
1.397
405
1.127
410
0.905
415
0.724
420
0.582
425
0.480
430
0.403
435
0.338
440
0.289
445
0.250
450
0.224
455
0.207
460
0.194
For a small pupil, multiply the densities by 1.16; for densities at λ > 460 nm, use Table II(2.4.6) of Ref. 48. The tabulated densities are based on Adjustment B to the van Norren–Vos lens pigment template shape.44
Table 8
Proposed 2° Cone Fundamentals Based on the Stiles–Burch1955 2° CMF’s or on the CIE1964 10° CMF’s